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Crop cultivation under inclement climatic conditions
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Certain crops cultivated year round to meet the market demands |
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High value and high quality, even organic, crops grown for
export markets |
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Income from small land holdings increased several fold |
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Successful nurseries from seeds or by vegetative propagation
prepared as and when necessary |
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More Self-employment opportunities for educated youth on
farm |
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Manipulation of microclimate and insect proof feature of
the greenhouse for plant breeding and, thus, the evolution
of new varieties and production of seeds |
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Types of Greenhouses |
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Classification based on material
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Frames are made of wood, galvanized steel, or aluminum |
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Covering can be: |
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Glass |
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Fiberglass |
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Double wall plastic |
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Film plastic |
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Classification on the basis of shape
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Classification on the basis of shape
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Classification on the basis of shape |
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Classification on the basis of shape |
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Classification on the basis of utility |
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Wholesale or retail greenhouse |
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Institutional greenhouses |
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Cold frame or Hotbeds |
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Design of Greenhouses |
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size of the polyhouse |
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what location is the best |
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what shape should be selected |
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Site Selection |
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Should be well connected with market |
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Motorable road linking the greenhouse to city markets is
desirable |
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site should have adequate communication means i.e. telephone,
telex, fax, internet, etc. |
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should not be located near a chemical industry on its down
wind side because of possible pollution effects on greenhouse
crops |
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should have sufficient windbreaks on all sides to minimise
the wind damage |
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should be well drained |
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sufficient room for future expansion of the facility |
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availability of laborers |
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Location |
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Greenhouse Orientation |
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In free-standing greenhouse, more sunlight is available
in winter in an east-west oriented greenhouse |
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In multispan greenhouses, the gutter should be oriented
north south |
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In naturally ventilated greenhouse, the ventilators should
open on the leeward side. |
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A freestanding greenhouse should have its long axis
perpendicular to the wind direction. |
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Plan Layout |
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A general layout of the entire facility
should keep following factors in view |
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The workspace, called head house, should be located to the
north of the production area to avoid shading
due to it. |
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Ways to sales area and storage/receiving area should be
separate. |
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Customers should not be made to pass through the production
area. |
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The windbreaks should be at least 30 m on the north and
west from the facility. |
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Utilities |
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Water |
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Depends on area under production, crop, and
climate |
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General rule is to make a provision for about 20 L per sq.
m for watering |
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In summers, watering could be done more frequently |
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method of irrigation depends to some extent on the quantity
of water available |
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Utilities |
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Electricity |
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Naturally ventilated greenhouse may not need any power supply
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For greenhouse electrical appliances, such as motor fans,
lights, and other equipment we need
assured electrical power for uninterrupted
operations |
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An auxiliary generating system should be available to cope
with the failure of regular electrical supply |
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Utilities |
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Electrical power requirements
for different types of greenhouses
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Greenhouse size (m2)
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Electrical power
requirement (amp/volts) |
| 500 - 1000 |
60/240 |
| 1000 - 2000 |
100/240 |
| 2000 - 3000 |
150/240 |
| 3000 - 4000 |
200/240 |
| 4000 - 8000 |
400/240 |
| 8000 - 12000 |
600/240 |
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Multispan greenhouse |
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Popular schematics of open roof greenhouses
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| Low cost greenhouse cum rain-shelter |
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Performance of rain shelters-cum-greenhouse
for cropping activities in Assam conditions |
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Crop
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Cultivation details |
Yield/m2 |
| Tomato |
Arka Abha and Arka Alok varieties during summer and
kharif season (off-season) single stem |
8.4 kg |
| Cucumber |
Plant spacing 60x30 cm, pruning lower branches, winter
season (off-season) |
10.2 kg |
Capsicum
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California wonder and Bharat varieties
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3.7 kg |
Chrysanthemum
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April-May transplanting, inproved vase life
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115 flowers/plant |
| Tuberose |
Planting Sept.-Jan., net income Rs. 52-109/m2 |
48 |
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| Crop |
Center |
Yield (tonne/ha) |
Remarks |
| Greenhouse |
Open
field |
| Onion |
Kharagpur |
15.6 |
11.1 |
Naturally ventilated greenhouse |
| Cauliflower |
Kharagpur |
15.2 |
7-8 |
Naturally ventilated greenhouse |
| Radish |
Kharagpur |
55.3 |
15-20 |
Naturally ventilated greenhouse |
| Tomato |
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| Avinash-2 |
New Delhi |
98.9 |
60-80 |
Multispan greenhouse |
| Rupali |
Samastipur |
2.91 kg/plant |
2.2 kg/plant |
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| Rupali |
Bhubaneshwar |
70 |
22.8 |
13 days increase in total harvesting
period |
| NS-812 |
Pantnagar |
164.4 |
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Naturally ventilated greenhouse,
single shoot |
| VC-48-1 |
Jorhat |
57 |
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Plastics rain shelter |
| Naveen |
Hyderabad |
88 |
30 |
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| S-41 |
Coimbatore |
106.4 |
54.6 |
Naturally ventilated greenhouse |
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| Crop |
Center |
Yield (tonne/ha) |
Remarks |
| Greenhouse |
Open
field |
| Okra |
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| Vijaya |
Bhubaneshwar |
28 |
9.6 |
Fruit quality and number of harvesting
higher in greenhouse |
| Indum-62 |
Hyderabad |
21 |
7.2 |
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| Varsha Improved |
New Delhi |
23.2 |
9-11 |
30 X 15 cm spacing |
| Cucumber |
Bhubaneshwar |
20.6 |
7.2 |
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| Cabbage |
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| T-621 |
Pantnagar |
41.7 |
15-20 |
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| Golden acre |
Hyderabad |
50 |
24 |
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| Crop |
Center |
Yield (tonne/ha) |
Remarks |
| Greenhouse |
Open
field |
| Bitter Gourd |
Pantnagar |
66.2 |
6-12 |
Naturally ventilated greenhouse |
| Coriander |
Pantnagar |
7.05 (green leaves) |
2-3 |
Naturally ventilated greenhouse |
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New Delhi |
12 (green leaves) |
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Naturally ventilated greenhouse,
15 X 15 cm |
| Cow pea (Pusa Komal) |
New Delhi |
24 green pod |
5-6 |
NVGH, 30X15cm spacing |
| Spinach |
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| Kalkatia |
New Delhi |
62.5 (green leaves) |
8-10 |
NVGH, 15X15 cm |
| Spinach |
Hyderabad |
193 |
68 |
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| Chilli |
Pantnagar |
27.1 |
8-10 |
NVGH |
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PROMOTING PROTECTED CULTIVATION |
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The PFDCs need to have live demonstrations of relevant protected
cultivation structures and cropping operations |
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Organize trainings for potential entrepreneurs and practising
professionals |
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Create a dedicated group of professionals to develop appropriate
technologies |