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Pressurised Irrigation

PLASTICULTURE APPLICATIONS

Green House | Shade House | Pressurised Irrigation

Annexure-II

Limit of Assistance for Installing Drip Systems (Considering 50% Subsidy)

A. Category A States

(Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu)

Spacing (Metre)	Limit of Assistance for Different Areas (Rupees)
Spacing (Metre)	0.4	1	2	3	4	5
12 x 12	5300	8350	12600	16300	26850	35650
10 x l0	6050	9000	13850	18000	28950	38450
9 x 9	6200	11050	17750	27950	30700	40550
8 x 8	6450	9950	15650	20850	32750	43100
6 x 6	7200	15100	25600	35150	52900	68700
5 x 5	7550	16400	28300	41550	58550	75400
4 x 4	8450	19650	31550	50350	71100	89650
3 x 3	8950	17800	35700	48050	65400	79150
3 x l.5	9850	20100	40250	54850	73050	90450
2.5 x 2.5	10000	19900	40700	40700	99750	119800
2 x 2	10650	24900	43200	61350	82450	111700
1.5 x l.5	13050	27500	54750	82550	102950	140500
1 x l	13250	28800	48250	73250	99950	124600

B. Category B States

(Bihar, Chhatisgarh, Goa, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal (excluding Darjeeling District) and all Union Territories)

Spacing (Metre)	Limit of Assistance for Different Areas
Spacing (Metre)	0.4ha	1ha	2ha	3ha	4ha	5ha
12 x 12	6095	9603	14490	18745	30878	40998
10 x l0	6958	10350	15928	20700	33293	44218
9 x 9	7130	12708	20413	32143	35305	46633
8 x 8	7418	11443	17998	23978	37663	49565
6 x 6	8280	17365	29440	40423	60835	79005
5 x 5	8683	18860	32545	47783	67333	86710
4 x 4	9718	22598	36283	57903	81765	103098
3 x 3	10293	20470	41055	55258	75210	91023 I
3 x l.5	11328	23115	46288	63078	84008	104018
2.5 x 2.5	11500	22885	46805	63940	114713	137770
2 x 2	12248	28635	49680	70553	94818	128455
1.5 x l.5	15008	31625	62963	94933	118393	161575
1 x l	15238	33120	55488	84238	114943	143290

C. Category C States

(Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttaranchal, Darjeeling District of West Bengal)

Spacing (Metre)	Limit of Assistance for Different Areas
Spacing (Metre)	0.4ha	1ha	2ha	3ha	4ha	5ha
12 x 12	6625	10438	15750	20375	33563	44563
10 x l0	7563	11250	17313	22500	36188	48063
9 x 9	7750	13813	22188	34938	38375	50688
8 x 8	8063	12438	19563	26063	40938	53875
6 x 6	9000	18875	32000	43938	66125	85875
5 x 5	9438	20500	35375	51938	73188	94250
4 x 4	10563	24563	39438	62938	88875	112063
3 x 3	11188	22250	44625	60063	81750	98938
3 x l.5	12313	25125	50313	68563	91313	113063
2.5 x 2.5	12500	24875	50875	69500	124688	149750
2 x 2	13313	31125	54000	76688	103063	139625
1.5 x l.5	16313	34375	68438	103188	128688	175625
1 x l	16563	36000	60313	91563	124938	155750

The costs given in Annexure-II are only indicative. The actual cost mainly depends upon the field dimensions, crop spacing, water source etc. The costs are based of system design for meeting peak water requirement of the crop, with source of water / well located at the corner of the field.

Annexure - III

Components for Sprinkler System Using Different Couplers

I. Using 63 mm Coupler

S. No.	Components	Quantity (Nos.)
		1 ha	2 ha	3 ha	4 ha
1.	HDPE Pipes, with quick action coupler (Class of pipe -1 i.e. 2.5 kg/cm2 1S:14151) 63/50 mm diameter & 6m long	30	37	45	52
2.	63 mm Sprinkler coupler with foot batten assembly Quick Action	5	7	11	14
3.	Riser Pipe 20mm diameter x 75 cm long	5	7	11	14
4.	Sprinkler Nozzles (1.7 to 2.8 kg/cm²)	5	7	11	14
5.	Bend with coupler 90° (63/50 mm)	2	1	1	1
6.	Pump Connecting coupler/Nipple Quick Action	1	1	1	1
7.	End plug (63/50 mm)	2	2	2	2
8.	Tee with coupler (63/50 mm)	0	1	1	1

II. Using 75 mm Coupler

S. No.	Components	Quantity (Nos.)
		1 ha	2 ha	3 ha	4 ha
1.	HDPE Pipes, with quick action coupler (Class of pipe -1 i.e. 2.5 kg/cm2 1S:14151) 75 mm diameter & 6m long	30	37	45	52
2.	75 mm Sprinkler coupler with foot batten assembly Quick Action	5	7	11	14
3.	Riser Pipe 20 mm diameter x 75 cm long	5	7	11	14
4.	Sprinkler Nozzles (1.7 to 2.8 kg/cm²)	5	7	11	14
5.	Bend with coupler 90°	2	1	1	1
6.	Pump Connecting coupler/Nipple Quick Action	1	1	1	1
7.	End plug (75 mm)	2	2	2	2
8.	Tee with coupler	0	1	1	1

III. Using 90 mm Coupler

S. No.	Components	Quantity (Nos.)
		1 ha	2 ha	3 ha	4 ha
1.	HDPE Pipes, with quick action coupler (Class of pipe -1 i.e. 2.5 kg/cm2 1S:14151) 90 mm diameter & 6m long	30	37	45	52
2.	90 mm Sprinkler coupler with foot batten assembly Quick Action	5	7	11	14
3.	Riser Pipe 20 mm diameter x 75 cm long	5	7	11	14
4.	Sprinkler Nozzles (1.7 to 2.8 kg/cm²)	5	7	11	14
5.	Bend with coupler 90°	2	1	1	1
6.	Pump Connecting coupler/Nipple Quick Action	1	1	1	1
7.	End plug (90 mm)	2	2	2	2
8.	Tee with coupler	0	1	1	1

Annexure -IV

Format of Application Form to be Submitted by the Head of Beneficiary Family for Availing Assistance under Micro Irrigation Scheme

Name of the farmer		:
Father's name		:
Husband's name (if female)		:
Caste		:
Village		:
Block/Taluka		:
District		:
Total hectarage in his name		:
Survey number (s) of the field (s)		:
where he wants to install the system (Enclose certificate from Tahsildar)
Has he or any of his family members availed		:	Y/N
subsidy for MI from any GOI scheme earlier?
If yes, details thereof		:
	Area (ha)	:
	Crop covered (ha)	:
	Year of installation	:
Crops cultivated		:
Type of system required		:
Crop for which the system is required		:
If the system is for plantation crop		:
	any inter crop is taken?
If so, the type of intercrop		:
Total area under irrigation		:
Source of irrigation water		:
If wells, then open or tube well		:
Depth of the water table in the well		:
Depth of the tube well		:
Quality of the irrigation water		:
Attach analysis report)

Daily usage time of the well	:
If canal then any provision made for storage	:
If, yes, then the dimensions of the reservoir (l x b x d)	:
Any farm pond available	:
If yes, the dimensions of the pond (l x b x d)	:
If there is no water source then what is the plan	:
Hours of electricity available daily	:
Time of electricity available	:
Horse power of the pump	:
Dimensions of the land	:
Soil is problematic or good	:
(Enclose copy)	:
Soil depth	:
Water table depth in the land	:


	Signature of Farmer/Beneficiary

The following certificates are to be attached:

Field map along with the survey number and hecrarage of field in his name.

Certificate to the effect that he or his family members (if undivided) has not availed subsidy for sprinkler/ drip under GOI scheme.

Consent letter from the neighboring farmer from whom he wishes to take water, in case he does not have a water source.

Soil and water test reports.

Agreement stating that he will not either sell or donate or lend his system to any body for a period of three years.

He will allow any officers from Agriculture/Horticulture/DRDA or any other Government officials to inspect the system installed in his field any time during the three years period.

Annexure – V

Principles for Estimation of Water and Power Requirement for Installation of Drip Irrigation System

A. Estimation of Quantity of Water

To irrigate an area by drip irrigation system sufficient quantity and rate of water should be made available at the place. To estimate the minimum quantity of water for meeting the irrigation water requirement of any area, the following steps are required:

Collection of General Information

General information on water source, crops to be grown, topographic conditions, type and texture of soil and climatic data are essential for designing the drip irrigation system.

Layout of the field

The layout of the field by giving the path and lengths of main line, sub main line and lateral lines in meters to connect water source with the existing/planned crop in the area must be worked out.

Crop water requirement

Water requirement of crops (WR) is a function of plants, surface area covered by plants and evapotranspiration rate. Irrigation water requirement has to be calculated for each plant and thereafter for the whole plot based on plant population, for different seasons. The maximum discharge required during anyone of the three seasons is adopted for design purposes. The daily water requirement for fully grown plants can be calculated as under:

V= E_p x K_c x K_p x W_p x S_p

Net volume of irrigation to be applied (Vn) = V - R_e x S_p

The total water requirement of the farm plot would be V_n x No. of plants per Sqm x A

Where,

V is the Water requirement (litres per day plant)

E_p is the pan evaporation (mm/ day)

K_c is the Crop factor

K_p is the pan factor

W_p is the wetted area (0.3 for widely spaced crops and 0.9 for closely spaced crops)

S_p is the spacing of crops / plant, (m²)

R_e is the effective rainfall (mm) and A is the area of the plot (m²)

B. Estimation of Horse Power of Pumping Unit

Power is required to pump the required irrigation water from the source and to develop sufficient pressure to operate the drippers effectively.

The ideal drip irrigation system is one in which all drippers (or orifices) deliver the same volume of water in a given irrigation time. The dripper flow variation caused by water pressure can be controlled by hydraulic design.

Flow carried by each lateral line (d_l)

= discharge of one dripper x No. of drippers per plant x No. of plants along each lateral.

Flow carried by each sub-main line (d_s) = dl X No. of lateral line per sub main line

Flow carried by each main line (d_m) = d_s x No. of sub-mains

The friction head loss in mains can be estimated by Hazen- Williams formula given below:

h_f= K x (Q/C) ^1.852 x D ^-4.871 x (L + L_e)

where

h_f = Friction head loss in pipe (m per 100 m)

Q = Discharge (Lsec^-1)

C = Hazen - William constant (140 for PVC pipe)

D = Inner dia of pipe (mm)

K = Constant = 1.22 x 10¹² for metric units = 473 for Q= ft³/sec and D = ft

L = Length of pipe (m)

L_e = Equivalent length of pipe and accessories (See Table C)

L_e for barbs = 0.25 B_w (19 X D ^-1.9)

D = Dia of lateral, mm

B_w =Emitter barb diameter, mm

The design of lateral pipe involves selection of pipe for a given length which can deliver required quantity of water to the plant.

In designing the lateral, the discharge and operating pressure at drippers are required to be known and accordingly, the allowable head can be determined by the same formula as the main line.

Design Criteria

It should be ensured that the head loss in the lateral length between the first and last emitter is within 10 per cent of the head available at the first emitter.

The friction head loss in the mainline should not exceed 1m/ 100m length of the mainline.

Friction head loss for various discharges is given in Table B and equivalent lengths of straight pipe in meters giving equivalent resistance to flow in pipe fittings in Table C.

After finalization of dimensions of main, sub-mains and laterals the selection of pump consist of the following steps.

Total pressure head drop in meters due to friction (Hf) = Friction head loss of main + Friction head loss of sub-mains + friction head loss of laterals.

Operating pressure head required at the dripper = H_e in meters.

Total static head, m

Total Pumping Head (H), m

Hf + He + Hs

Discharge of main, Lsec-1

Efficiency (overall)

(60% in the case of electric pump,

40% in the case of diesel engine)

Horse Requirement of Pump

Table A: Friction Head Loss in Meters per 100 m Pipe Length

Flow, lh^-1	Inside diameter (mm)
Flow, lh^-1	9.2	11.7	12.7	13.9	15.8	18	19
Head Loss in Meters per 100 Length of Pipe
200	10.2	5.2	2.5	1.7	0.8	0.4	0.3
400	39.0	18.0	8.6	5.7	2.7	1.6	1.1
600		39.0	18.0	13.0	5.9	3.2	2.5
800			30.0	21.0	10.0	5.5	4.1
1000			45.0	30.0	16.0	8.3	6.2
1200			42.0	21.0	11.0	8.8
1400				56.0	28.0	16.0	11.0
1600					36.0	20.0	15.0
1800					45.0	25.0	19.0
2000					54.0	30.0	23.0

Table B: Friction Losses for Flow of Water (Meters / 100 M) in Smooth Pipes

(for C=140)

Discharge (lsec^-1)	Bore diameter (mm)
Discharge (lsec^-1)	20	25	32	40	50	65	80	100	125	150
Head loss in meters per 100 Length of pipe
0.5	16.40	5.50	1.66	0.56
1.0	10.00	6.00	2.00	0.68
1.5			12.70	4.30	1.45	0.40
2.0			16.00	7.30	2.50	0.68	0.25
3.0				15.50	5.20	1.45	0.53
4.0				26.40	8.90	2.50	0.90	0.30
5.0					13.40	3.80	1.36	0.46
6.0					18.80	5.20	1.90	0.64	0.22
7.0						6.90	2.50	0.84	0.29
8.0						8.90	3.20	1.10	0.37	0.10
9.0						11.10	4.00	1.36	0.46	0.19

Table C: Friction Losses for Flow of Water (M / L00m) in Smooth Pipes (for C=140)

S. No.	Pipe Size (mm)	Elbow Bend (Ks=0.7)	90 Bend (Ks=0.12)	Standard Tee (Ks=0.12)	Sluice Valve (Ks=0.4)
1.	25	0.536	0.396	0.704	0.007
2.	40	0.997	0.596	1.131	0.142
3.	50	1.296	0.741	1.704	0.185
4.	65	1.814	1.037	2.384	0.259
5.	80	2.241	1.281	2.946	0.32
6.	100	2.959	1.691	3.889	0.422
7.	125	4.037	2.307	5.306	0.576
8.	150	5.125	2.928	6.735	0.732

Example

A farmer proposes to install drip irrigation system for a new citrus plantation on a 1 ha plot.

Basic Data Analysis

1. No. of Plants

Area	=	1 ha = 100 x 100 m
Spacing (m x m)	=	6 x 6
No. of plants	=		= 277

2. Estimation of Water Requirement

The irrigation water requirement is determined using IMD pan evaporation data. The average monthly pan evaporation data for the area is given in the following table.

Normal Monthly Pan Evaporation Data

Month	mm	Month	mm
January	99.2	July	145.6
February	119.6	August	134.6
March	176.3	September	134.6
April	210.2	October	144.6
May	245.4	November	112.2
June	198.8	December	94.4
TOTAL			1,815.5

From the above data the season wise total pan evaporation as well as average pan evaporation is given below:

Sr .No.	Season	Days (Nos)	Total Pan evaporation during the season (mm)	Average Daily Pan evaporation (mm/day)
1.	Kharif (15/6 to 15/10)	122	585.8	4.80
2.	Rabi (16/10 to 28/2)	136	497.4	3.65
3.	Summer (1/3 to 14/6)	107	737.3	6.83

The daily water requirement of plants is given below:

Sr .No.	Season	Evaporation Water Requirement	lpd/ plant	m3/day/ha
1.	Kharif	4.8	36.3	10
2.	Rabi	3.65	27.6	7.6
3.	Summer	6.83	51.6	14.3

Therefore, the drip irrigation system has to be designed for the maximum requirement of 51.6 litre/ day / plant during the summer season. For this the water requirement works out to 14.3m3/day/ha of plantation. If the average working hour of pump set is taken as 4 hours per day, the discharge required would be as given as under:

Pumping rate	=	13 litre / hr/plant
Pumping rate per ha	=	14.3 m³/day/ha
	=	3.6 m³/hr/ha
	=	0.97 Lsec^-1 or 1 Lsec^-1

Alternatively, a tank of 14.3 m³ capacity can be provided so that uninterrupted irrigation may continue for 4 hours even in areas where power shut offs are frequent.

3. Selection of Drippers

Number of Drippers

Depending upon the type of dripper and discharge required their number can be estimated. For a pressure head of 10 m and discharge at 4 litre / hour the number of drippers required are:

No. of drippers/plant	=
	=	13/4 or 3.22 say 3

The plot is square and of 1 ha. As such the mainline would be 100 m long and laterals would also be 100 m in length. A plant spacing is 6m x 6m, a total of 17 laterals would be required. Each lateral would serve approximately 16 plants and there would be 3 drippers per plant.

Thus, the total number of drippers per lateral would be 16 x 3 = 48

4. Main Line and Laterals

Main Line

The main line is designed to carry the maximum discharge required for total number of plants in the farm plot.

Maximum discharge required	=	No. of plants x peak discharge per plant
	=	277 x 13 = 3601 Lh^-1 or 1 Lsec^-1

Friction Head loss in pipes (m)

Length	=	100.0
Equivalent length of 17 straight connection	=	8.5
Equivalent length of tee bends, etc	=	6.0
Total length (L+ L_e)	=	114.5 or say 115

From Table B it would be seen that for discharge of 1 Lsec-1 through a pipe of say 40 mm diameter, the friction loss would be 2 m per 100 m length of 2.3 m for 115 m equivalent length.

Friction head loss = 2.3 x 0.88 = 2.02

Conversion factor = 0.88

As the proposed system uses multiple openings, the friction loss is taken as 1/3 of the total friction loss i.e. 2.03/3 i.e. 0.67 m. Thus the loss in mains is within 1.0 m/ 100 m and a pipe of 40 mm diameter will be ideal in the layout.

Laterals

A lateral is so selected that the pressure difference from the proximate end to the last dripper does not exceed 10 per cent of the normal operating head which in the present case is 10 x 10/100 = 1.0 for lateral of 100 m length. The upward land slope is assumed as 0.5 m / 100 m. Thus the total friction loss allowable is 1 + 0.5 = 1.5 m.

In addition to 100 m length of laterals there is additional loss due to connectors. This is generally taken as 0.1 to 1 m (on an average 0.5) of the equivalent length of a dripper. The equivalent length of 48 drippers would this be 48 x 0.5 = 2.4 m. Thus, total equivalent length for calculation of friction loss in laterals would be 24 m. The total flow in laterals is 192 lh^-1. i.e. 4 x 3 x 16. A perusal of Table A shows that for 200 lh^-1 flow the friction loss in 13.9 mm inner diameter pipe would be 1.7 m per 100 m length. Therefore, in 124 m length it would be 2.20 m. It is a general practice that friction losses are taken at 1/3 of the total equivalent length of pipes with multiple dripper/ connections. Thus the friction loss works out to 1/3 x 2.2 = 0.73 m which is within the maximum permissible limit of 0.9 m. Therefore, 14 mm (OD) lateral pipe of 100 m length is suggested in this scheme.

5. Horse Power of Pumpset

The horse power of pumpset required is based upon design discharge and total operating head. The total head is the sum of total static head and friction losses in the system.

Static Head

The total static head is the sum total of the following:

		(m)
a.	Depth to water (bgl)	15
b.	Drawdown	3
c.	Outlet level above ground level	1
d.	Friction loss in pipes, bends, foot valves etc	2

The friction loss in the drip unit is as under:

a.	Friction loss in main pipe	0.67
b.	Friction loss in laterals	0.75
c.	Minimum head required for drippers	10.00
	Total	11.42

Total Head (H)	=	Static Head + Friction head loss
	=	21.00 + 11.42
	=	32.42 or say 33 m
hp of pump set	=

Where,

Discharge (lps)

Head (m)

Pumping efficiency (0.6)

hp	=		= 0.73 say 1
hp	=	1

Annexure – VI

Methodology for Assessment of Water and Power Availability

I. In cases where the water source is an open well or tube well/ bore well, then for assessment of water availability and pumping power requirement it is necessary to compute the following:

Depth of the water table

Discharge of the well

Total pumping level

	1. The depth of water level below the ground level, before pumping begins, is the depth of the water table. It can be measured by a simple procedure using a rope with a stone tied at one end.

	2 .The discharge of the well/ tube well is measured after running the pump for a period of 30 minutes to one hour. It can be measured by adopting volumetric measure. Under this method, the discharge is emptied into a ditch or container of known dimensions for a certain length of time. The rate of discharge is calculated by dividing the total volume of water discharged by the time taken. This method works for low discharge, say upto 5 litres per second.

For higher discharges, volumetric measurement may be difficult and therefore standard devices like water metre /v-notch/ flume may be used. In the case of non-availability of these devices, the discharge may be assessed approximately using the co-ordinate method described below.

Coordinate Method: For measuring the discharge from wells/ tube wells, the outlet pipe should be horizontal. The X and Y co-ordinates are measured from the centre of the pipe to the centre of the water jet as indicated in the figure shown below.

Flow sketch

The discharge is computed using the equation

Q	=	Discharge in Lsec-1
C	=	Co-efficient of contraction (Use 1.0)
A	=	Cross sectional area of the pipe in m2
x	=	X co-ordinate in metres
y	=	Y co-ordinate in metres
g	=	Acceleration due to gravity (m sec-2)

3.	Total pumping level includes the depth of the water level, drawdown and height of the outlet above the ground level. To measure the drawdown, the pump installed over the well/ tubewell is run for a period of 30 minutes to 1 hour so that constant water level is attained in the well/tube well. The new depth of the water level is measured. The difference between the depth and the original depth of the water table is the draw down. The height of the outlet level above the ground level is also to be measured. Once the total pumping level is determined, the horsepower can be calculated.

4.	Power rating of the pump required can be approximately determined with the reference to the table given below:

Power Requirement to Pump and Operate Drip Irrigation System for Orchard and Vegetable Crops

No.	Static Water	Orchard Crop	Vegetable Crop
1	Depth (M)	(hp/ha)	(hp/ha)
2	00-10	0.64	1.93
3	10-20	0.87	2.61
4	20-30	1.10	3.30
5	30-40	1.31	3.93
6	40-50	1.53	4.59
7	50-60	1.76	5.28
8	60-70	1.98	5.94
9	70-80	2.20	6.60
10	80-90	2.42	7.26
11	90-100	2.64	7.92

II. In cases where the water source is perennial stream of low discharge (generally available in hilly areas), drip irrigation systems can be operated by diverting these streams at a higher elevation to a small storage tank of approximately 2 cu metre capacity and it can be directly connected to the drip irrigation system for irrigating lands at a lower elevation. If drip irrigation system is being used with drippers then the average elevation difference between tank and area of operation should be 12-15 metres. If micro tube system is used, elevation difference of 3 m to 4 m would be sufficient to operate the system. The area proposed to be irrigated should commensurate with the flow of water in the stream. If flow of one litre per second is available it is sufficient to irrigate one ha of orchard crops at a time. The rate of flow of water in the stream can be measured by volumetric measurement or by using other devices mentioned above.

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